Transportation Fuel Market Transparency Act

This Act may be cited as the Transportation Fuel Market Transparency Act.
Subtitle B of title VIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17301 et seq.) is amended—
in section 811, by striking gasoline or petroleum distillates and inserting or transportation fuel;
in section 812—
in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by striking gasoline or petroleum distillates and inserting or transportation fuel; and
in paragraph (3), by striking , gasoline, or petroleum distillates and inserting or transportation fuel; and
by adding at the end the following new section:
In this subtitle, the term transportation fuel includes gasoline, distillate fuels (including heating oil), jet fuel, aviation gasoline, and biofuel (including ethanol, biomass-based diesel and distillates, and renewable blending components).
Section 812 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17302) is amended—
in the matter preceding paragraph (1)—
by striking wholesale and inserting supply of, operational actions related to, output related to, or wholesale; and
by striking to a Federal department or agency;
in paragraph (1), by adding and at the end;
by striking paragraph (2) and redesignating paragraph (3), as amended by subsection (a), as paragraph (2); and
in paragraph (2), as so redesignated, by striking the person intended the false or misleading data to affect data compiled by the department or agency and inserting the person intended the false or misleading information reported by the person to affect the analyses.
Section 813(a) of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17303(a)) is amended by striking This subtitle and inserting Except as otherwise provided in section 814, this subtitle.
Section 814 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17304) is amended—
in subsection (a), by striking $1,000,000 and inserting $2,000,000; and
in subsection (b), by striking section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45) and inserting section 5(m)(1)(A) of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45(m)(1)(A)).
The Commission shall establish within the Commission the Transportation Fuel Monitoring and Enforcement Unit (in this section referred to as the Unit).
The primary responsibility of the Unit shall be to assist the Commission in protecting the public interest by continuously and comprehensively collecting, monitoring, and analyzing crude oil and transportation fuel market data in order to—
support transparent and competitive market practices;
identify any market manipulation, reporting of false information, use of market power to disadvantage consumers, or other unfair method of competition; and
facilitate enforcement of penalties against persons in violation of relevant statutory prohibitions.
In order to carry out the responsibility under subparagraph (A), the Unit shall assist the Commission in carrying out the following duties:
Receiving, compiling, and analyzing relevant buying and selling activity in order to identify and investigate anomalous market trends and suspicious behavior.
Determining whether excessive concentration or exclusive control of energy-related infrastructure may allow or result in anti-competitive behaviors.
Gathering evidence of wrongdoing against any person in violation of the statutory prohibitions on market manipulation and false information established in, and consistent with, subtitle B of title VIII of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, as amended by section 2, or any other applicable provisions of the Federal Trade Commission Act (15 U.S.C. 45 et seq.).
Obtaining a data-sharing agreement with the Energy Information Administration that includes the data collected in accordance with section 205(n) of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7135), as amended by section 4.
Obtaining data-sharing agreements with the Commodities Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and as necessary and practicable, State energy offices or commissions, and relevant public and private data sources that will allow the Commission to receive and archive information on—
crude oil and transportation fuel buying and selling activity;
individual physical and financial market positions of market participants regarding crude oil and transportation fuel;
refinery output, capacity, and inventory levels of crude oil and transportation fuel;
imports and exports of crude oil and transportation fuel within regions and at levels that could impact prices faced by consumers;
public announcements by energy companies of planned pricing or output decisions regarding crude oil and transportation fuel; and
other relevant market information that will facilitate the gathering of evidence described in clause (iii), including sufficient market information necessary to monitor for cross-market manipulations that may include multiple financial and physical market positions.
Any other information determined appropriate by the Commission to carry out the responsibility under subparagraph (A).
In this section:
Other than in subsection (a)(2)(B)(v), the term Commission means the Federal Trade Commission.
The term transportation fuel includes gasoline, distillate fuels (including heating oil), jet fuel, aviation gasoline, and biofuel (including ethanol, biomass-based diesel and distillates, and renewable blending components).
Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall promulgate regulations to carry out this section.
There is authorized to be appropriated to the Commission such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2031 to carry out this section.
Section 205 of the Department of Energy Organization Act (42 U.S.C. 7135) is amended—
in subsection (a)(1), in the first sentence, by inserting (referred to in this section as the Administrator) after an Administrator; and
by adding at the end the following:
In this subsection:
The term energy company means a person (as defined in section 11(e) of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (15 U.S.C. 796(e))) that—
owns or controls commercial amounts of crude oil or transportation fuel; or
is engaged in—
exploration for, or development of, crude oil;
extraction of crude oil;
refining or otherwise processing crude oil or transportation fuel;
commercial storage of crude oil or transportation fuel;
transportation by any means of commercial amounts of crude oil or transportation fuel; or
wholesale or retail distribution of crude oil or transportation fuel.
The term transportation fuel means—
gasoline;
distillate fuels, including heating oil;
jet fuel;
aviation gasoline; and
biofuel, including ethanol, biomass-based diesel and distillates, and renewable blending components.
The purpose of this subsection is to collect data necessary to facilitate transparent and competitive transportation fuel markets, determine adherence to relevant international sanctions, and protect consumers.
The Administrator shall conduct surveys of energy companies to collect detailed and timely information on United States crude oil and transportation fuel markets.
The Administrator shall exempt an energy company from participating in the surveys conducted under subparagraph (A) if the energy company has a de minimis market presence or impact, as determined by the Administrator.
The surveys conducted under paragraph (3) shall collect information on a national, regional, State, and energy company basis.
The surveys conducted under paragraph (3) shall collect the following information with respect to crude oil and transportation fuel, as applicable:
The quantity of crude oil and transportation fuel imported and exported.
The quantity of crude oil and transportation fuel refined, stored, and transported.
The quantity of crude oil and transportation fuel entering final retail and commercial commerce.
The quantity of crude oil and transportation fuel purchased and sold at any upstream point between energy companies, including off-exchange bilateral sales and sales between subsidiaries of the same energy company.
Market price data for the transactions described in clauses (i) through (iv).
Submissions to relevant price reporting entities.
Any other such data, analyses, or evaluations that the Administrator determines are necessary to achieve the purpose described in paragraph (2).
In obtaining the information described in subparagraph (B), the Administrator shall, to the maximum extent practicable, track and publish the country of original production of crude oil and transportation fuel that may have been resold, refined, blended, stored, or otherwise exchanged or sold before being imported or exported into the United States.
The Administrator may, when practicable and determined reliable by the Administrator, obtain information described in subparagraph (B) from private price publishers and providers of trade processing services.
The Administrator shall seek to minimize any burdens on energy companies in reporting information to the Administrator under this subsection, including by automating data submission practices for data collected under the surveys conducted under paragraph (3).
To the maximum extent practicable, subject to this paragraph, the Administrator shall consistently and promptly make publicly available analyses of the results of the data collected pursuant to this subsection in a form and manner easily adaptable for public use and machine analysis.
Analyses published under subparagraph (A)—
shall be geographically specific enough to provide meaningful differentiation between fuel markets; and
shall not organize geographical data in the form of Petroleum Administration for Defense Districts or other geographic aggregations lacking sufficient resolution to ascertain regionally specific market trends or disparities.
Any analysis published under subparagraph (A) shall not disclose matters exempted from mandatory disclosure under section 552(b) of title 5, United States Code.
Notwithstanding subchapter III of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code (commonly known as the Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency Act of 2018), not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this subsection, the Administrator shall enter into a data-sharing agreement with the Federal Trade Commission that shall allow any information collected pursuant to this subsection to be requested by and transferred to the Federal Trade Commission without limitation or delay.
The Administrator may enter into data-sharing agreements with other Federal agencies that have energy-related policy decision-making responsibilities, including the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and the Securities and Exchange Commission.
There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section such sums as are necessary for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2031.
Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Federal Trade Commission (in this section referred to as the Commission) shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives a report regarding the enforcement actions of the Commission against prohibited market manipulation or false information under section 813 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17303) during the calendar year commencing on January 1, 2025, and the preceding 5 calendar years.
The report required under subsection (a) shall include, for each calendar year—
the number of enforcement actions initiated; and
the number of enforcement actions completed, including—
the number of such actions that resulted in a violation of section 811 or 812 of the Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (42 U.S.C. 17301, 17302), including—
the average number of violations per enforcement action;
the average civil penalty assessed in each enforcement action; and
the aggregate civil penalties collected by the Commission during the calendar year; and
the number of such actions that resulted in a finding of no violation of such section 811 or 812.
Nothing in this Act shall be construed to alter or expand the authority of the Federal Trade Commission.